Definition Advanced heart failure (HF) is a condition characterized by persistent severe HF symptoms, frequent episodes of decompensation, and progressive cardiac dysfunction despite optimal evidence-based treatment. These patients may be candidates for advanced therapies, such as heart transplantation (HT), mechanical circulatory support (MCS), and/or palliative care. It should be pointed out that some comorbidities, including pulmonary disease and liver and kidney dysfunction, are now included as possible major determinants of poor prognosis and should be considered during patient evaluation for […]