Psychological stress is common and plays a significant role in adapting to environmental challenges. However, it also has negative health effects, potentially triggering psychiatric disorders such as anxiety and depression. Physiological responses to stress play a crucial role in the development of cardiovascular diseases, as hemodynamic, vascular, and immunological changes induced by stress are particularly involved in this process. Stress activates brain regions that, through the sympathetic nervous system or hormones, affect heart function. Chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) increases […]
