Exercise substantially impacts the cardiovascular system and is associated with many potential benefits across different momentums of the cardiovascular continuum. , On the other hand, physical exercise has for several decades been postulated as a possible approach to assess the cardiovascular response. As such, this methodology could be of interest for diagnostic purposes while also providing prognostic information. While the maturation of protocols encompassing the electrocardiographic response to exercise provided major breakthroughs, novel techniques have allowed an expanded view of […]

Since its introduction by Edler and Hertz, echocardiography has become the main test of cardiologic propedeutic. Over the last 50 years, its evolution has been remarkable, from A-mode, M-mode, two-dimensional and Doppler images to modern three-dimensional reconstructions and softwares for studying myocardial deformation currently used. For this reason, echocardiography can provide diagnostic data and important prognostic information in virtually all heart diseases. One of the major advances in echocardiography was the recognition of substances capable of increasing the ultrasound signal […]