Cardiovascular rehabilitation (CR) is an effective and safe treatment for stable coronary artery disease (CAD) patients, with established benefits to improving quality of life and reducing cardiovascular mortality and hospital admission. The effects of CR on reducing myocardial ischemia have been documented,– justifying the CR Class IA recommendation. However, CR is still neglected and underused worldwide. Refractory angina (RA) is a disabling condition affecting CAD patients under optimized medical therapy with a residual ischemic burden for more than three months […]

The electrical potentials of the heart have been recorded for over a hundred years to represent the distribution of these internal electrical events on the torso surface. Such recordings that started with Waller tried to establish a resultant vector from a bipolar source, the “heart vector,” assuming that this distribution of potentials would act as if an electrical bipole was inserted inside the thorax and applied to the body surface, with a third electrode adding the sagittal component of the […]

The consumption of caffeinated energy drinks (ED) has increased considerably in recent years. Increased ability to concentrate, gain in work performance and increased performance in physical activity are some of the reasons that lead to the search for the drink. During the pandemic, with changes in routine imposed by the need for social isolation, some works reported an increase in ED intake. There was also greater consumption in the young population motivated by factors such as better performance in sports […]

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by progressive pulmonary vascular resistance, affecting several arteries and arterioles. These changes are associated with increased right ventricular afterload and remodeling, characterized by severe hypertrophy, initially adaptive and derived from vascular pressure gradient. , Afterward, these alterations are accompanied by right ventricular dilation and impaired contractile performance, resulting in reduced ejection fraction and ventricular failure. , Clinically, right ventricular size and function parameters alterations have a recognized association with bad prognosis in pulmonary arterial […]

Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ACVD) is common in the general population, affecting most adults over 60 years of age. The disease includes four main areas: (1) Coronary heart disease, (2) Cerebrovascular disease, (3) Peripheral arterial disease, and (4) Aortic atherosclerosis with aneurysms. The conditions traditionally associated with the installation of ACVD (the so-called “risk factors”) are dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, arterial hypertension, smoking, obesity, sedentary lifestyle and a family history of ACVD. Atherosclerotic vascular changes may begin in childhood, setting the stage […]