Abstract Background Previous studies have adequately characterized the gut microbiota (GM) in atrial fibrillation (AF). Nevertheless, the precise causality between GM and AF remains elusive. Objectives This study utilized public data from genome-wide association studies to explore the causality between GM and AF. Methods In the first of two rounds of Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis, the instrumental variables (IVs) comprised single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) that fell below the genome-wide statistical significance threshold (5 × 10-8). To attain a more comprehensive […]