Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction (HFpEF) Diagnosis Current diagnostic recommendations require evidence of congestion or low cardiac output, considering a combination of clinical information, electrocardiogram, imaging, biomarkers, and, in selected cases, hemodynamic exercise testing. A pretest clinical approach (step 1) followed by a confirmatory score (step 2) is recommended to confirm or rule out the diagnosis of HFpEF. Hemodynamic exercise testing (step 3) is indicated for patients with an intermediate score (). […]