Introduction Three-dimensional (3D) prototyping technology is developing rapidly in medicine, and recent studies have shown its important applicability in pediatric cardiology. Clinicians and surgeons use two-dimensional technologies, such as echocardiography, computed tomography (CT) angiography, and magnetic resonance imaging, to characterize structures and understand complex diseases. Because these images are often projected and extended on a flat screen, they may not represent the actual size of the structures, depth perception, or the proximity between them. […]