Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a serious public health problem, and is often related to smoking. In advanced stages of COPD, the presence of PAH is a common development. PAH progression rate in COPD is usually slow (an increase of < 1 mmHg per year). However, the presence of even moderate PAH is a strong predictor of mortality. During stable periods of the disease, the increase in mean pulmonary artery pressure is usually mild to moderate. However, severe PAH [...]