Cardiovascular disease (CVD) remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality among patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), far surpassing the risk of progression to end-stage renal disease, and accounting for approximately 40% to 50% of all deaths in the advanced stages.– Growing attention has been directed toward the intersection of renal dysfunction and valvular heart disease (VHD), which plays a major role in the cardiovascular complications and adverse outcomes observed in this population., Valvular calcification, particularly affecting the aortic […]
