Arq. Bras. Cardiol. 2025; 122(2): e20250124
Revisiting a Timeless Skill: The Physical Examination in the Age of Technology-Driven Medicine
This Short Editorial is referred by the Research article "How Cardiovascular Physical Examination Impacts Clinical Decision-Making in Various Scenarios of Cardiac Valvular Diseases".
Over the past few decades, clinical practice has witnessed a profound transformation, driven by increasing reliance on advanced imaging, laboratory diagnostics, and, more recently, artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted tools. Once the cornerstone of medical practice, the physical examination (PE) is now being overshadowed by a growing dependence on technology. Although these innovations have undoubtedly enhanced diagnostic accuracy, they have also led to an unintended consequence—the gradual decline of bedside examination skills, as clinicians increasingly rely on them instead of direct PE. While these resources provide invaluable diagnostic insights, they also carry risks, including false positives, incidental findings, and overtesting. These factors not only contribute to unnecessary interventions and rising healthcare costs but may also amplify patient concerns. This shift away from hands-on assessment is also partly driven by the time constraints of modern clinical practice, further weakening PE skills. This decline of PE has fuelled ongoing debate—and even polarization—among clinicians over its relevance in contemporary healthcare., This issue permeates all fields of medicine, and cardiology is no exception to its challenges.
In their study, Teixeira et al. shed light on this pressing issue in modern medicine: the diminished emphasis on PE in clinical practice. This interventional study evaluated the impact of cardiovascular PE on clinical decision-making (CDM) in valvular disease scenarios. Sixty undergraduate students were exposed to four typical severe valvular disease scenarios (mitral stenosis [MS], mitral regurgitation [MR], aortic stenosis [AS], and aortic regurgitation [AR]), using a high-fidelity cardiopulmonary simulator in an objective structured clinical exam format. CDM-related questions were answered after reading the clinical synopsis and again after reviewing the echocardiogram (ECHO) report. Volunteers were randomly assigned to scenarios with or without PE before receiving an ECHO report, which was either consistent with symptoms and PE findings (Echo-concordant) or contained incomplete or misleading information (Echo-discordant). CDM was assessed based on responses regarding the type of valvular dysfunction, its etiology, confidence level in the diagnosis, requests for additional diagnostic tests, and treatment decisions. PE quality varied across valvular conditions, with systolic murmurs (AS, MR) recognized more accurately (>76%) than diastolic murmurs (MS, AR) (<60%), additional heart sounds (S3, S4) identified in 44% of cases, and MS showing the lowest detection accuracy. Overall diagnostic accuracy for identifying valvular dysfunction was high (kappa = 0.935, p<0.001), even when participants received ECHO-discordant reports. Volunteers who did not perform PE were less accurate in assessing the severity of valvular dysfunction after reviewing ECHO findings (p = 0.0047, kappa = 0.2887) and were less confident in their diagnosis. The confidence level in diagnosis increased only slightly (4%, p=0.03) after receiving ECHO reports in those who had the opportunity to conduct a PE. Surprisingly, a high number of complementary exams were requested regardless of PE performance, which influenced only the decision to perform cardiac catheterization. Final therapeutic decisions, however, were primarily guided by ECHO findings rather than PE (p=0.0607). This last result was somewhat expected and would likely occur in a postgraduate setting as well. Indeed, when evaluating the need for valvular intervention, a key consideration—besides symptomatic status—is assessing disease severity, which primarily depends on imaging or hemodynamic parameters.–
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